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Sand Flies and Leishmaniasis in Cyprus: Seasonality, Prevention & Protection

9/2/2026

Overview

Sand flies (Phlebotomus spp.) are the only vectors of Leishmania parasites in Cyprus. The disease they transmit — canine leishmaniasis — can also affect humans, making awareness essential for pet owners and residents alike.

Seasonal Activity in Cyprus

  • Peak months: May through October, with highest densities in July and August.
  • Geographic hotspots: Coastal lowlands around Limassol, Larnaca, Paphos, and Ayia Napa; inland valleys near Nicosia and the Troodos foothills.
  • Daily pattern: Flies are most active from dusk to dawn; they rest in shaded, humid microhabitats during the day.

How Leishmaniasis Spreads

  1. An infected sand fly bites a dog (or other mammal) and injects promastigote parasites.
  2. Parasites transform into amastigotes inside macrophages, multiplying and spreading to skin, spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
  3. When another sand fly feeds on the infected animal, it ingests amastigotes, continuing the cycle.

Prevention for Pets

  • Topical repellents: Apply veterinary‑approved spot‑on products containing permethrin or deltamethrin every 3‑4 weeks during the high‑risk season.
  • Collars: Insecticidal collars (e.g., flumethrin) provide up to 6 months of protection; replace before the season starts.
  • Environmental management: Remove standing water, keep kennels clean, and screen windows and doors in homes and boarding facilities.
  • Vaccination: A canine leishmaniasis vaccine is available in Cyprus; discuss timing with your vet — ideally before the first peak month.
  • Regular testing: Annual serology (IFAT or ELISA) helps detect early infection, especially for dogs that travel between regions.

Protecting Humans

  • Wear long sleeves and trousers during evening hours in endemic areas.
  • Use skin repellents with DEET or icaridin on exposed skin.
  • Sleep under fine‑mesh nets if accommodation lacks screened windows.
  • Seek medical advice promptly if you develop persistent skin ulcers or fever after a sand‑fly bite.

When to See a Vet

  • Unexplained weight loss, lethargy, or enlarged lymph nodes.
  • Skin lesions that do not heal, especially on ears, nose, or limbs.
  • Nosebleeds, eye inflammation, or lameness without trauma. Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes and reduces the risk of transmission to other animals.

Local Resources

PetCY’s directory lists veterinary clinics, pharmacies, and pet‑care services across Nicosia, Limassol, Larnaca, Paphos, and the surrounding districts. Use the platform to find a nearby vet for vaccination, testing, or advice on the most suitable repellent products for your pet’s lifestyle.